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Bars Leaks Cooling System Radiator & Heater Core Atop Leak Review

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Substance in a refrigeration cycle

A refrigerant is a working fluid used in the refrigeration cycle of air conditioning systems and rut pumps where in most cases they undergo a repeated stage transition from a liquid to a gas and back again. Refrigerants are heavily regulated due to their toxicity, flammability and the contribution of CFC and HCFC refrigerants to ozone depletion and that of HFC refrigerants to climate alter.

History [edit]

The observed stabilization of HCFC concentrations (left graphs) and the growth of HFCs (right graphs) in globe'due south atmosphere.

The first air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or combustible gases, such every bit ammonia, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, or propane, that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked.[1]

In 1928 Thomas Midgley Jr. created the kickoff non-combustible, not-toxic chlorofluorocarbon gas, Freon (R-12). The name is a trademark proper name owned by DuPont (now Chemours) for whatsoever cfc (Cfc), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), or hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant. Following the discovery of meliorate synthesis methods, CFCs such as R-11,[2] R-12,[three] R-123[2] and R-502[4] dominated the marketplace.

Phase out of CFCs [edit]

In the early on 1980s, scientists discovered that CFCs were causing major damage to the ozone layer that protects the world from ultra-violet radiation and the ozone holes over polar regions. This led to the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1989 which aimed to phase-out CFCs and HCFC[v] but did not address the contributions that HFCs made to climate change. The adoption of HCFCs such as R-22, and R-123[ii] was accelerated and then were used in well-nigh U.S. homes in air conditioners and in chillers[6] from the 1980s as they have a dramatically lower Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) than CFCs, but their ODP was still non zero which led to their eventual stage-out.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) such equally R-134a,[seven] R-143a, R-407a,[viii] R-407c,[9] R-404a[iv] and R-410a[10] (a 50/fifty blend of R-125/R-32) were promoted every bit replacements for CFCs and HCFCs in the 1990s and 2000s. HFCs were not ozone depleting but did have global warming potentials (GWPs) thousands of times greater than CO2 with atmospheric lifetimes that tin extend for decades. This in turn, starting from the 2010s, led to the adoption in new equipment of Hydrocarbon and HFO (hydrofluoroolefin) refrigerants R-32,[11] R-290,[12] R-600a,[12] R-454b,[xiii] R-1234yf,[xiv] R-514A,[15] R-744 (CO2),[16] R-1234ze[17] and R-1233zd,[18] which take both an ODP of zero and a lower GWP. Hydrocarbons and CO2 are sometimes called natural refrigerants because they tin be found in nature.

The environmental organization Greenpeace provided funding to a former Due east High german refrigerator company to research an alternative ozone and climate-rubber refrigerant in 1992. The company developed a hydrocarbon mix of isopentane and isobutane, but as a condition of the contract with Greenpeace could not patent the technology, which led to its widespread adoption by other firms.[19] [20] [21] Policy and political influence past corporate executives resisted change even so[22] [23] and DuPont together with other companies blocked the refrigerant in the U.S. with the U.S. EPA.[24] [25]

Commencement on xiv November 1994, the U.Due south. Environmental Protection Agency restricted the sale, possession and utilise of refrigerants to simply licensed technicians, per rules nether sections 608 and 609 of the Make clean Air Act.[26] In 1995, Deutschland made CFC refrigerators illegal.[27]

In 1996 Eurammon, a European non-profit initiative for natural refrigerants, was established and comprises European companies, institutions, and industry experts.[28] [29]

In 1997, FCs and HFCs were included in the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change.

In 2000 in the UK, the Ozone Regulations[xxx] came into strength which banned the apply of ozone-depleting HCFC refrigerants such every bit R22 in new systems. The Regulation banned the use of R22 as a "top-upwardly" fluid for maintenance between 2010 for virgin fluid and from 2015 for recycled fluid.[ citation needed ]

Addressing greenhouse gases [edit]

With growing interest in natural refrigerants equally alternatives to constructed refrigerants such as CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, in 2004, Greenpeace worked with multinational corporations similar Coca-Cola and Unilever, and later Pepsico and others, to create a corporate coalition called Refrigerants Naturally!.[27] [31] Four years later, Ben & Jerry's of Unilever and General Electrical began to have steps to back up production and use in the U.S.[32] Information technology is estimated that almost 75 per centum of the refrigeration and air conditioning sector has the potential to be converted to natural refrigerants.[33]

In 2006, the EU adopted a Regulation on fluorinated greenhouse gases (FCs and HFCs) to encourage to transition to natural refrigerants (such as hydrocarbons). It was reported in 2010 and some refrigerants are being used as recreational drugs, leading to an extremely dangerous phenomenon known as inhalant abuse.[34]

From 2011 the European Wedlock started to stage out refrigerants with a global warming potential (GWP) of more than 150 in automotive air-conditioning (GWP = 100 yr warming potential of i kilogram of a gas relative to i kilogram of CO2) such equally the refrigerant HFC-134a (known as R-134a in Northward America) which has a GWP of 1550.[35] In the same year the EPA decided in favor of the ozone- and climate-safe refrigerant for U.S. manufacture.[19] [36] [37]

A 2018 study by the nonprofit organization "Drawdown" put proper refrigerant management and disposal at the very summit of the list of climate impact solutions, with an impact equivalent to eliminating over 17 years of US carbon dioxide emissions.[38]

In 2019 information technology was estimated that CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs were responsible for about 10% of direct radiative forcing from all long-lived anthropogenic greenhouse gases.[39] and in the aforementioned year the UNEP published new voluntary guidelines,[40] however many countries have non still ratified the Kigali Amendment.

With the begin of the 2020 HFCs (including R-404a, R-134a and R-410a) are being superseded: Residential ac systems and oestrus pumps are increasingly using R-32. This still has a GWP of more than 600. Progessive devices use refrigerants with a nigh no climate impact: R-290 (propane), R-600 (isobutane) or R-1234yf (less combustible, in cars). In commercial refrigeration as well CO2 (R-744) can be used.

Desirable backdrop [edit]

The ideal refrigerant would be: not-corrosive, non-toxic, non-flammable, with no ozone depletion and global warming potential. It should preferably be natural with well-studied and low ecology impact. It also needs to accept: a boiling point that is somewhat below the target temperature (although boiling bespeak tin can be adjusted past adjusting the force per unit area appropriately), a loftier rut of vaporization, a moderate density in liquid form, a relatively high density in gaseous form (which tin can also be adjusted by setting pressure appropriately), and a high critical temperature. Extremely high pressures should exist avoided. Newer refrigerants accost the issue of the damage that CFCs caused to the ozone layer and the contribution that HCFCs make to climate alter, merely some do enhance issues relating to toxicity and / or flammability.[41]

Common refrigerants [edit]

Refrigerants with very low climate impact [edit]

With increasing regulations, refrigerants with a very depression global warming potential are expected to play a ascendant function in the 21st century,[42] in item R-290 and R-1234yf. Starting from almost no market share in 2018,[43] low GWPO devices are gaining market share in 2022.

Code Chemical Name GWP 20yr[35] GWP 100yr[35] Status Commentary
R-290 C3H8 Propane iii.3[44] increasing use Depression cost, widely bachelor and efficient. They also take cypher ozone depletion potential. Despite the flammability, they are increasingly used in domestic refrigerators and oestrus pumps. In 2010, nigh one-third of all household refrigerators and freezers manufactured globally used isobutane or an isobutane/propane blend, and this was expected to increment to 75% past 2020.[45]
R-600a HC(CH3)3 Isobutane 3.three Widely used See R-290.
R-717 NH3 Ammonia 0 0[46] Widely used Unremarkably used before the popularisation of CFCs information technology is once again being considered, but does suffer from the disadvantage of toxicity, and requiring corrosion resistant components, which restricts its domestic and small-scale utilize. Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks because of its loftier energy efficiency and low cost.
R-1234yf HFO-1234yf C3HiiFiv 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene <i Less functioning but also less flammable than R-290.[42] GM announced that information technology would commencement using "hydrofluoroolefin", HFO-1234yf, in all of its brands past 2013.[47]
R-744 COii Carbon dioxide ane 1 in utilise Was used every bit a refrigerant prior to the discovery of CFCs (this was also the case for propane)[1] and at present having a renaissance due to it beingness non-ozone depleting, non-toxic and non-flammable. Information technology may get the working fluid of pick to supplant current HFCs in cars, supermarkets, and rut pumps. Coca-Cola has fielded COii-based potable coolers and the U.S. Ground forces is considering COii refrigeration.[48] [49] Due to the need to operate at pressures of up to 130 bars (i,900 psi; 13,000 kPa), CO2 systems require highly resistant components, still these take already been developed for mass production in many sectors.

Well-nigh used [edit]

Code Chemical Name Global warming potential 20yr[35] GWP 100yr[35] Condition Commentary
R-32 HFC-32 CH2F2 Difluoromethane 2430 677 widely in utilize Promoted as climate-friendly substitute for R-134a and R-410a, but withal with high climate touch. Has splendid heat transfer and pressure drib performance, both in condensation and vaporisation.[fifty] It has a atmospheric lifetime of near 5 years.[51] Currently used in residential and commercial air-conditioners and heat pumps.
R-134a HFC-134a CH2FCF3 ane,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 3790 1550 Widely used Most used in 2020 for hydronic heat pumps in Europa and U.s.a. in spite of high GWP.[43]
R-410a 50% R-32 / 50% R-125 (pentafluoroethane) between 2430 (R-32) and 6350 (R-125) >677 Widely Used Most used in split heat pumps / Air conditioning by 2018. Virtually 100% share in the United states.[43]

Banned / Phased out [edit]

Code Chemical Name Global warming potential 20yr[35] GWP 100yr[35] Status Commentary
R-11 Chlorofluorocarbon-11 CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane 6900 4660 Banned Product was banned in developed countries by Montreal Protocol in 1996
R-12 Cfc-12 CCl2Ftwo Dichlorodifluoromethane 10800 10200 Banned Besides known equally Freon, a widely used chlorofluorocarbon halomethane (Chlorofluorocarbon). Production was banned in developed countries by Montreal Protocol in 1996, and in developing countries (article 5 countries) in 2010.[52]
R-22 HCFC-22 CHClF2 Chlorodifluoromethane 5280 1760 Being phased out A widely used hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and powerful greenhouse gas with a GWP equal to 1810. Worldwide product of R-22 in 2008 was nigh 800Gg per year, upward from nearly 450Gg per twelvemonth in 1998. R-438a (MO-99) is a R-22 replacement.[53]
R-123 HCFC-123 CHCl2CF3 2,two-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 292 79 US phase-out Used in large tonnage centrifugal chiller applications. All U.S. production and import of virgin HCFCs will exist phased out by 2030, with limited exceptions.[54] R-123 refrigerant was used to retrofit some chiller that used R-xi refrigerant Trichlorofluoromethane. The production of R-11 was banned in developed countries by Montreal Protocol in 1996.[55]

Other [edit]

Lawmaking Chemical Proper name Global warming potential 20yr[35] GWP 100yr[35] Commentary
R-152a HFC-152a CH3CHF2 Difluoroethane 506 138 equally a compressed air duster.
R-407c Mixture of difluoromethane and pentafluoroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane a mixture of R-32, R-125, and R-134a
R-454B Difluoromethane and 2,3,iii,iii-Tetrafluoropropene HFOs blend of refrigerants Difluoromethane (R-32) and 2,3,three,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf).[56] [57] [58] [59]
R-513A an HFO/HFC blend (56% R-1234yf/44%R-134a) may replace R-134a as an interim culling[threescore]
R-514a HFO-1336mzz-Z/trans-1,2- dichloroethylene (t-DCE) A hydrofluoroolefin (HFO)-based refrigerant to replace R-123 in low pressure centrifugal chillers for commercial and industrial applications.[61] [62]

Refrigerant reclamation and disposal [edit]

Coolant and refrigerants are found throughout the industrialized globe, in homes, offices, and factories, in devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, central air-conditioning systems (HVAC), freezers, and dehumidifiers. When these units are serviced, at that place is a take a chance that refrigerant gas volition be vented into the atmosphere either accidentally or intentionally, hence the cosmos of technician training and certification programs in order to ensure that the material is conserved and managed safely. Mistreatment of these gases has been shown to deplete the ozone layer and is suspected to contribute to global warming.[63]

With the exception of isobutane and propane (R600a, R441a and R290), ammonia and COtwo nether Section 608 of the The states' Clean Air Act information technology is illegal to knowingly release any refrigerants into the temper.[64] [65]

Refrigerant reclamation is the act of processing used refrigerant gas which has previously been used in some type of refrigeration loop such that information technology meets specifications for new refrigerant gas. In the The states, the Clean Air Human action of 1990 requires that used refrigerant be candy by a certified reclaimer, which must be licensed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the material must exist recovered and delivered to the reclaimer past EPA-certified technicians.[66]

Nomenclature of refrigerants [edit]

Refrigerants may be divided into three classes according to their manner of absorption or extraction of estrus from the substances to exist refrigerated:[ citation needed ]

  • Class one: This class includes refrigerants that absurd by phase alter (typically boiling), using the refrigerant's latent estrus.
  • Course two: These refrigerants cool past temperature alter or 'sensible heat', the quantity of heat being the specific heat capacity ten the temperature change. They are air, calcium chloride alkali, sodium chloride brine, alcohol, and similar nonfreezing solutions. The purpose of Class 2 refrigerants is to receive a reduction of temperature from Class i refrigerants and convey this lower temperature to the area to be cooled.
  • Grade 3: This group consists of solutions that comprise absorbed vapors of liquefiable agents or refrigerating media. These solutions office by nature of their ability to comport liquefiable vapors, which produce a cooling effect by the assimilation of their heat of solution. They can also be classified into many categories.

The R-# numbering arrangement was adult by DuPont (which owned the Freon trademark), and systematically identifies the molecular structure of refrigerants made with a single halogenated hydrocarbon. The meaning of the codes is equally follows:[ citation needed ]

  • For saturated hydrocarbons, subtracting 90 from the concatenated numbers of carbon, hydrogen and fluorine atoms, respectively gives the assigned R#.[67]
  • If bromine is present, the number is followed past a capital B and then the number of bromine atoms.
  • Remaining bonds not accounted for are occupied by chlorine atoms.
  • A suffix of a lower-case letter a, b, or c indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers.

For instance, R-134a has two carbon atoms, 2 hydrogen atoms, and iv fluorine atoms, an empirical formula of tetrafluoroethane. The "a" suffix indicates that the isomer is unbalanced by i atom, giving 1,ane,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane. R-134 (without the "a" suffix) would have a molecular structure of 1,one,2,two-Tetrafluoroethane.

  • The R-400 serial is made up of zeotropic blends (those where the boiling point of constituent compounds differs plenty to lead to changes in relative concentration considering of partial distillation) and the R-500 serial is made up of so-called azeotropic blends. The rightmost digit is assigned arbitrarily past ASHRAE, an manufacture standards arrangement.
  • The R-700 series is fabricated up of non-organic refrigerants, also designated past ASHRAE.

The same numbers are used with an R- prefix for generic refrigerants, with a "Propellant" prefix (east.grand., "Propellant 12") for the same chemic used every bit a propellant for an aerosol spray, and with trade names for the compounds, such as "Freon 12". Recently, a exercise of using abbreviations HFC- for hydrofluorocarbons, Chlorofluorocarbon- for chlorofluorocarbons, and HCFC- for hydrochlorofluorocarbons has arisen, considering of the regulatory differences among these groups.[ commendation needed ]

Come across likewise [edit]

  • Brine (Refrigerant)

References [edit]

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Sources [edit]

IPCC reports [edit]

  • IPCC (2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-Chiliad.; Tignor, 1000.; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2013: The Concrete Science Basis (PDF). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, Great britain and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Printing. ISBN978-1-107-05799-9. (lead: 978-i-107-66182-0). https://archive.ipcc.ch/written report/ar5/wg1/
    • Myhre, Chiliad.; Shindell, D.; Bréon, F.-M.; Collins, Due west.; et al. (2013). "Chapter viii: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing" (PDF). Climate Change 2013: The Concrete Science Footing. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Study of the Intergovernmental Console on Climate change. pp. 659–740.

Other [edit]

  • "High GWP refrigerants". California Air Resources Lath. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  • "BSRIA'south view on refrigerant trends in Ac and Rut Pump segments". 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-fourteen .
  • Yadav, Saurabh; Liu, Jie; Kim, Sung Chul (2022). "A comprehensive study on 21st-century refrigerants - R290 and R1234yf: A review". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 122. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121947. Retrieved 2022-02-14 .

External links [edit]

  • U.s. Environmental Protection Bureau page on the GWPs of various substances
  • Greenish Cooling Initiative on alternative natural refrigerants cooling technologies
  • International Institute of Refrigeration Archived 2018-09-25 at the Wayback Machine

peytonvolly1950.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant

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